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UnionPay pushes TEE technology to ensure mobile payment security
With the widespread adoption of smartphones in China, mobile payments have also grown rapidly. However, security concerns have always been a major issue. According to Deloitte's "2015 China Mobile Consumer Behavior" report, smartphone penetration in China reached as high as 86%, and users are extremely addicted to their devices. Yet, nearly 40% of respondents said they had never used mobile phones for in-store payments, mostly due to concerns over the security of mobile payment systems.
To address these issues, UnionPay began researching Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) security solutions in 2012, aiming to enhance the security of Android-based devices. TEE is the same technology that powers Apple’s fingerprint payment system. Sun Quan, senior director at the UnionPay Electronic Payments Research Institute, explained that today's mobile operating systems contain millions of lines of code, making them increasingly vulnerable. Traditional methods like OS hardening or antivirus software are no longer sufficient to protect user data.
The TEE solution provides a small, secure operating environment separate from the main system, offering a safe space for sensitive operations such as fingerprint recognition and payment processing. Li Dingzhou, a member of the UnionPay TEE team, noted that when users make mobile payments, they often enter passwords or use fingerprints for verification. But if the underlying Android system is compromised, malware could potentially intercept this information. With TEE, however, the payment process is moved into a secure environment, protected by hardware, ensuring that even if the main system is infected, the user's credentials remain safe.
At the time, QR code scanning was becoming a popular method of mobile payment. However, this method also carries risks. If the Android system is insecure, the act of entering a password during a scan could be intercepted, leading to account theft. To counter this, UnionPay is focusing on strengthening mobile phone security through a dual-system approach, which may become a unified security standard in the future.
Apple has already taken the lead in implementing TEE with its fingerprint payment feature. In 2013, the iPhone 5S introduced biometric authentication and added a security module to iOS 7. When users perform fingerprint payments, the data is processed within the TEE, ensuring it remains protected from malware. While Apple currently uses TEE mainly for secure storage, UnionPay has expanded its application to include more interactive security features.
As mobile applications continue to evolve, the demand for secure environments will grow. Beyond UnionPay, organizations like GlobalPlatform, Oracle, and Intel, along with domestic manufacturers, are also investing in TEE technology. UnionPay started its TEE research in 2009 and officially launched the project in 2012. In 2014, it introduced the program to various industry players, including financial institutions, mobile operators, and chip manufacturers. At that time, UnionPay emphasized that the technology was internationally advanced and self-controlled.
Today, UnionPay is working with major vendors like Huawei, Lenovo, and OPPO to develop TEE-enabled devices. It has launched the N3TEE smartphone, supporting cross-platform deployment of trusted applications. The company is also collaborating with app developers, phone manufacturers, and fingerprint sensor providers to integrate TEE into fingerprint authentication and financial services.
While Apple has successfully implemented TEE for fingerprint payments, Android faces challenges due to its fragmented ecosystem and numerous manufacturers. Nevertheless, UnionPay is pushing for a standardized approach to fingerprint payments on Android. In June 2015, it released the "China UnionPay Trusted Execution Environment Integration (TEEI) Technical Specification," marking an important step toward a more secure mobile payment future.