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UnionPay pushes TEE technology to ensure mobile payment security
With the rapid growth of smartphone usage in China, mobile payments have also seen significant development. However, security concerns remain a persistent challenge. According to Deloitte's "2015 China Mobile Consumer Behavior" report, the smartphone ownership rate in China reached as high as 86%, and users are extremely dependent on their devices. Yet, nearly 40% of respondents said they had never used mobile payments in physical stores, mainly due to concerns about the safety and reliability of the process.
In response to these issues, UnionPay began researching Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) security solutions for intelligent terminals back in 2012. This initiative aimed to address security vulnerabilities in Android-based systems and promote the industrialization of TEE technology, which is similar to the one used by Apple for its fingerprint payment system.
Sun Quan, a senior director at the UnionPay Electronic Payments Research Institute, explained that both Apple and Android platforms now run on large-scale codebases, making it increasingly difficult to secure them using traditional methods like OS hardening or antivirus software. TEE provides an additional small and secure operating environment alongside the main OS, ensuring safer operations for sensitive tasks such as fingerprint recognition and payment processing.
Li Dingzhou, a member of the UnionPay TEE team, noted that when users make mobile payments, they often need to enter passwords or use fingerprints for verification. However, since the underlying Android system is not fully secure, these actions could be monitored by malware, potentially exposing user account information. With TEE, the payment process is shifted into a secure system, where hardware-protected input methods—like password keyboards or fingerprint sensors—are used. Even if the Android system is compromised, the security system remains isolated and protected.
At present, QR code scanning has become a popular method of mobile payment, but it comes with risks. The process involves entering a password, and due to the insecurity of some mobile operating systems, this can be intercepted, leading to account theft. By strengthening mobile phones through a dual-system approach, UnionPay aims to establish a unified security solution for the mobile payment era, effectively addressing the vulnerabilities of the Android system.
Li Dingzhou also pointed out that TEE is becoming a trend, with Apple already implementing a dual-system switching mechanism in its fingerprint payment system. In October 2013, Apple introduced the iPhone 5S, which included biometric authentication and added a security module to its iOS 7 operating system for the first time.
He further explained that during a fingerprint payment, the fingerprint data is captured and compared within the TEE environment, ensuring that even if malware exists in the main OS, it cannot interfere with the secure payment process. While Apple currently uses TEE for secure storage, UnionPay has taken it a step further by incorporating visual page operations.
As applications continue to evolve, more security scenarios will likely leverage TEE technology, making it increasingly widespread. Besides UnionPay, organizations like GP (GlobalPlatform), Oracle, Intel, and several domestic manufacturers have also started investing in TEE.
UnionPay initiated TEE research in 2009 and officially launched it in 2012. In September 2014, it introduced the TEE program to various industry stakeholders, including financial institutions, mobile operators, software providers, internet companies, testing agencies, phone manufacturers, and chipmakers. At that time, UnionPay stated that the technology was internationally advanced and self-controlled, attracting major players such as ARM, Intel, Qualcomm, Huawei, Spreadtrum, Datang Semiconductor, Samsung, ZTE, and Neusoft.
Chai Hongfeng, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and executive vice president of China UnionPay, emphasized that the TEE technology had begun to be industrialized. Today, UnionPay collaborates with vendors like Huawei, Lenovo, and OPPO, having launched the N3TEE smartphone that supports cross-platform deployment of Trusted Applications. It plans to further collaborate with application developers, including phone manufacturers and fingerprint sensor companies, to implement TEE-based fingerprint authentication and financial services.
While Apple has led the way in applying TEE to fingerprint payments and made it a hit, Android faces challenges due to its fragmented ecosystem and numerous manufacturers involved. However, UnionPay is working towards standardizing fingerprint payments across Android. In June 2015, UnionPay officially released the “China UnionPay Trusted Execution Environment Integration (TEEI) Technical Specification,†marking a key step toward broader adoption.