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Design of short-range wireless data transmission system based on STM32F103 and nRF24L01
In recent years, with the rapid advancement of wireless communication technologies, the integration of wireless devices has significantly increased. This paper presents a specific design approach for a short-range wireless data transmission system utilizing a high-performance, low-power 32-bit microcontroller, STM32F103, along with the nRF24L01 RF transceiver chip. The system is designed to offer reliable and efficient communication over short distances.
**1 System Design**
The short-range wireless data transmission system comprises three main components: the power manager AMC7635, the microcontroller STM32F103, and the RF transceiver nRF24L01. Below are detailed descriptions of the key circuits that make up the system.
**1.1 Power Circuit**
The system is powered by a 3.7V lithium battery. The voltage is regulated through the low-dropout power management chip AMC7635, which provides a stable 3.0V output to supply both the STM32F103 microcontroller and the nRF24L01 module. Figure 1 illustrates the power supply circuit used in the system.
**Figure 1: System Power Supply Circuit**
**1.2 Microcontroller Circuit**
The microcontroller used in this system is the STM32F103, which is based on the ARM Cortex-M3 core. It offers high performance, low power consumption, and ease of development. The interface between the STM32F103 and the nRF24L01 is implemented via the SPI port, using signals such as SPICS, MOSI, MISO, SCK, CE, and INT0. Additionally, the microcontroller supports an RS232 port and eight GPIO ports for expansion. Figure 2 shows the microcontroller circuit.
**Figure 2: Microcontroller Circuit**
**1.3 RF Transceiver Circuit**
The nRF24L01 operates in the 2.4–2.5 GHz ISM band and integrates various functional blocks such as a frequency synthesizer, power amplifier, crystal oscillator, and modulator. Its external circuit is simple, and it supports enhanced ShockBurst technology for efficient communication. The nRF24L01 can be configured via software to adjust output power and communication channels. When transmitting at -6 dBm, its current consumption is only 9 mA, and when receiving, it uses about 12.3 mA. The control interface connects to the SPI and GPIO ports of the STM32F103. Figure 3 depicts the RF transceiver circuit.
**Figure 3: RF Transceiver Circuit**
**2 System Programming**
This system is capable of running the UCOSII operating system on the STM32F103. The program is divided into three major parts: host system initialization, keyboard and display functions, and control of the nRF24L01. Figure 4 illustrates the overall software flow.
**Figure 4: System Program Flow Chart**
The key aspects of the programming include porting the UCOSII OS and managing SPI communication. While the manufacturer provides example code for OS porting, the focus here is on the implementation of SPI communication and the nRF24L01 control functions.
Below is the source code for the SPI initialization and transceiver functions:
```c
void SPI_Init(void)
{
// Code for SPI initialization
}
```
While the SPI protocol can also be implemented using the GPIO ports, this method is more complex and less efficient compared to using the dedicated SPI hardware. A general example of implementing SPI communication via GPIO is provided below.
**3 Conclusion**
Field testing has demonstrated that the wireless data transmission system described in this paper offers advantages such as low cost, high speed, and reliable communication. In practical applications, the nRF24L01 can be configured in one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many topologies as required. Therefore, the system is well-suited for use in wireless measurement and control, file transfer, home automation, and industrial applications.
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