As the structural support and optical signal transmission pathway and medium, flexible substrates are playing ever-increasingly important roles in advanced optoelectronic display devices. The use of flexible substrates will significantly reduce the weight of flat panel displays and provide the ability to conform, bend or roll a display into any shape. Moreover, it will open up the possibility of fabricating displays by continuous roll processing, thus providing the basis for cost-effective mass production. Flexible substrate mainly used in thermoelectric refrigerator accessories, high-end car seats, car cold cup, car refrigerator, head display, car power, home appliances, medical devices, semiconductor chips, laser projection, optical device packaging in optical fiber communication and other fields.
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UAV Research Report (3) United States: Scanning Eagles, Predators, Grey Hawks, Hummingbirds, Reapers,
**Part III: Drone Research Report**
**(iii) Development of Drones in Countries Around the World**
**United States**: Scanning Eagle drones, RQ-1A/B Predator UAV, MQ-1B/C Grey Eagle UAV, A160T Hummingbird, MQ-9 Reaper drone, MQ-8B Fire Scout carrier-borne drone, RQ-4A/B Global Hawk/MQ-4C Poseidon UAV.
**Scanning Eagle Drone**
The Scanning Eagle drone system was developed by Boeing and the British company Inster. It consists of two drones, a ground or shipboard control station, a communication system, a catapult take-off device, an air blocking hook recovery device, and a transport storage box. The aircraft is used for maritime surveillance, intelligence gathering, target hunting, and communication relay. It is equipped with inertially stable optoelectronic and infrared cameras that allow operators to track and locate both stationary and moving targets, providing real-time high-quality images. With a flight altitude of over 4,800 meters and more than 20 hours of endurance, it can perform continuous low-level reconnaissance.
The drone is launched autonomously using pneumatic SuperWedge ejection launchers or via operator commands. Recovery is achieved through the Skyhook system, which uses a rope from a 15-meter tower. This method allows the system to operate without a runway, requiring only a small area similar to vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. The Scanning Eagle has been in service since 2003, playing a key role in the Iraq War and the global war on terror.
**Specifications**:
Length: 1.2 m; Width: 3.05 m; Empty weight: 12 kg; Mission load: 3.2 kg; Max takeoff weight: 18 kg; Power unit: 1 built-in engine; Propeller: Double-bladed, 2.5 hp; Max speed: 207 km/h; Max range: 78 km; Practical ceiling: 4,877 m.
**RQ-7A/B Shadow 200 Tactical UAV**
Selected by the US Army in 1999, the RQ-7 Shadow 200 supports brigade-level units with real-time imagery through a C-band line-of-sight data link. It uses a slide rail for takeoff and recovery. The RQ-7B version features a high-bandwidth tactical data link, increased fuel capacity, and extended flight time to seven hours. It has been widely used in Iraq and Afghanistan, with over 37,000 flights and 180,000 operational hours.
**Specifications**:
Length: 3.4 m; Width: 3.9 m; Height: 1.00 m; Empty weight: 75 kg; Max takeoff weight: 149 kg; Power unit: 38-hp rotary piston engine; Max speed: 207 km/h; Range: 78 km; Practical ceiling: 4,570 m; Sensor: Tamam POP 200/300.
**RQ-1A/B Predator UAV, MQ-1B/C Grey Eagle UAV**
The RQ-1 Predator, later renamed MQ-1, is a mid-altitude surveillance system used by the US Air Force. It was upgraded to MQ-1B and MQ-1C, capable of carrying Hellfire missiles. It has a 40-hour endurance, a cruising speed of 126 km/h, and advanced sensors including a DLTV camera and synthetic aperture radar. It has been used in combat operations, including the first drone-to-drone engagement in the Iraq War.
**MQ-1C Grey Eagle** includes electronic warfare capabilities and stealth features, enhancing its battlefield effectiveness.
**A160T Hummingbird**
This next-generation VTOL drone offers high lift capacity and can hover at 15,000 feet, cruise at 30,000 feet, and carry up to 1,000 pounds. It has a 300-hour endurance at 300 pounds and a cruising speed of 60 knots. Developed by Boeing, it was tested extensively and is now being integrated into special operations missions.
**MQ-9 Reaper Drone**
Developed by General Aviation Systems, the MQ-9 Reaper is a powerful strike drone used for tracking and attacking high-value targets. It has a 24-hour endurance at 50,000 feet, a wingspan of 20.1 meters, and can carry up to 1,701 kg of payload. Equipped with advanced sensors and weapons like the AGM-114 missile and GBU-39 bombs, it is a key asset in modern warfare.
**Specifications**:
Length: 11 m; Wingspan: 20.1 m; Max takeoff weight: 2,100 kg; Power unit: 900-hp TPE331-10GD turbo engine; Weapons: 8 GBU-39 bombs, AGM-114 missiles, and other guided munitions.