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Intelligent traffic light control system based on ultrasonic counting
With the rapid development of the economy, the number of vehicles on the road has significantly increased, leading to greater pressure on urban transportation systems. To manage traffic flow and improve road capacity, traffic lights have proven effective in reducing accidents. However, traditional traffic light systems use fixed-time control, which is not adaptive to real-time traffic conditions. This inflexibility often results in unnecessary delays and traffic congestion. In response to these challenges, this paper introduces a smart traffic light control system that utilizes ultrasonic counting technology for real-time monitoring of vehicle flow, enabling more flexible and practical traffic management.
The system comprises several key components: a microcontroller module, power management unit, ultrasonic vehicle detection module, infrared remote control module, a crossroad traffic light group, and an Ethernet interface. The overall block diagram is illustrated in Figure 1. Each intersection is equipped with ultrasonic sensors that detect traffic conditions in real time. The microcontroller processes the data and adjusts the traffic light sequence accordingly. While the microcontroller provides automated control, it has limitations in handling special situations. To address this, an infrared remote control module was designed, allowing traffic officers to control the system from anywhere near the intersection, improving efficiency and responsiveness.
An Ethernet interface is also included, enabling remote monitoring and control of the traffic system. This feature supports networked management and enhances the scalability of the system. The microcontroller used in the system is the MSP430F449, which manages signal detection, data processing, and controls four groups of traffic lights across 16 monitoring devices.
For vehicle detection, ultrasonic sensors are installed on straight and left-turn lanes. Two sets of sensors are placed at different points along each lane. One set measures the number of vehicles exiting the lane, while the other detects those entering. The difference between these two measurements gives the current number of vehicles waiting to pass, forming the basis for adjusting traffic light timings.
Ultrasonic ranging works by measuring the time it takes for a pulse to travel to an object and return. Using the formula D = t × v / 2, where v is the speed of sound, the distance can be calculated. This principle is applied to count vehicles as they pass under the sensor. When a vehicle enters the measurement range, the distance changes, triggering a count. This method ensures accurate and real-time vehicle detection.
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic module is used for ranging. Its timing diagram shows how the trigger and echo signals interact with the microcontroller. By analyzing the pulse width, the system can determine the distance and count vehicles. The system uses TimerA and TimerB in the MSP430 to capture these signals accurately, ensuring reliable vehicle counting.
Error analysis includes factors such as temperature affecting the speed of sound and potential miscounts due to mixed lane driving. However, these errors are minimized through careful design, ensuring the system remains within acceptable limits.
The infrared remote control module uses PT2262 and PT2272 chips for data transmission and reception. A relay is used to drive the high-power traffic lights, ensuring safe and efficient operation. The software design includes both intelligent traffic processing and manual control modules, allowing the system to adapt to varying traffic conditions and handle emergencies effectively.
In conclusion, this intelligent traffic light system offers significant benefits in managing urban traffic, improving road utilization, and enhancing traffic automation. It is cost-effective, easy to install, and reliable, making it a valuable solution for modern traffic management.