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What is the difference between armature and rotor?
**Armature**
The armature is a crucial component in the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa. In a generator, it is the part that produces an electromotive force (EMF), such as the rotor in a DC generator or the stator in an AC alternator. In an electric motor, the armature is responsible for generating electromagnetic force, like the rotor in a DC motor.
Essentially, the armature is the part of the machine that contains windings and interacts with the magnetic field. When this coil moves relative to the magnetic field, it either induces a current (in a generator) or experiences a force that causes rotation (in a motor).
There are two main types of armature windings: those used in DC machines and those used in AC machines. The armature consists of two parts: the armature core and the armature winding. The core serves as a path for the magnetic flux and supports the windings, while the winding is where the EMF is induced and the torque is generated during energy conversion.
In both DC and AC motors, the basic principle of the armature is similar. However, in a DC motor, the current in the armature winding is alternating, but the commutator converts it into direct current before output.
AC motors can be classified into induction motors (asynchronous) and synchronous motors. Induction motors have two types of rotors: squirrel cage and wound type. The stator generates a magnetic field, and the rotor performs the energy conversion.
**Rotor**
A rotor is a rotating component supported by bearings. It can also refer to a body that rotates without a central shaft, such as a disc or wheel, when rigidly attached. According to ISO standards, any rotating body supported by bearings is considered a rotor.
Rotors are essential parts in many machines, including turbines, motors, pumps, and compressors. They often rotate at high speeds, which can cause deformation and resonance. The speed at which this happens is known as the critical speed.
In engineering, rotors are categorized as rigid or flexible based on their operating speed relative to the first critical speed. Balancing is necessary to reduce vibration. Rigid rotors can be balanced using static or dynamic methods, while flexible rotors require more advanced techniques like mode balance or influence coefficient methods.
Common issues with rotors include damage to the commutator, bearing failure, brush wear, and winding burnout. These problems can affect performance and lead to mechanical failure if not addressed.
**Armature vs. Rotor**
In AC synchronous motors, the armature is typically the stator, while in DC motors, the armature is usually the rotor. However, in induction motors, there is no distinct armature—only a stator and a rotor.
The armature and the magnetic pole are key components in DC and synchronous motors. The magnetic pole creates the magnetic field, while the armature induces the EMF, carries current, and produces torque. Both are made up of a core and windings.
In AC synchronous and DC motors, the armature current is independent of the magnetic pole current. The armature winding is responsible for inducing voltage and current, while the magnetic pole (rotor) generates the field.
In induction motors, both the stator and rotor windings induce EMF and carry current. The rotor current follows the stator’s, but since they are not synchronized, the motor is called asynchronous. Unlike in other motors, induction motors do not have a dedicated armature or magnetic pole, only a stator and rotor.