The spacecraft's power supply system is relatively straightforward, but in practical applications, different users have varying voltage requirements. To meet these diverse needs, it is often necessary to perform voltage conversion on the power supply. Therefore, designing a power conversion circuit that can handle low-voltage, high-voltage, or standard power supplies is essential for flexibility and adaptability.
Traditionally, achieving an intermediate output voltage over a wide input range has relied on using step-up and step-down transformers or multiple DC/DC converters. This approach, however, leads to complex circuit designs, lower efficiency, and larger physical size. Moreover, conventional voltage conversion systems are typically tailored for specific loads, limiting their ability to support multiple loads effectively. As a result, they often fail to ensure that each load receives its rated power, which restricts their application in more demanding scenarios.
To address these challenges, the LTC3780 power conversion module offers a high-performance solution. It is a versatile boost-buck switching regulator controller capable of operating with input voltages that are lower, higher, or equal to the output voltage. The module allows for setting a maximum output current, simplifying the design while ensuring stable voltage output and high efficiency. Additionally, it supports strong load capacity, making it ideal for various applications.
**Module Introduction**
The LTC3780 features a constant-frequency current-mode architecture that provides a phase-lockable fixed frequency ranging from 200kHz to 400kHz. It operates across a wide input and output voltage range of 4V to 36V, and it ensures seamless switching between boost, buck, and boost/buck modes. The output voltage accuracy is maintained at ±1%, offering reliable performance under varying conditions.
The controller enables continuous mode transitions by controlling four power switches. When the input voltage (Vin) is lower than the output voltage (Vout), the controller operates in boost mode. If Vin is higher than Vout, it switches to buck mode. When Vin is close to Vout, it enters the boost/buck mode. The output voltage is set via an external resistive feedback network connected across the output capacitor. An internal error amplifier compares the feedback signal with a precision reference voltage to maintain stable output.
A simplified schematic of the LTC3780 and its four power switch configuration is shown in Figure 1. The relationship between the working area, the state of the power switches, and the duty cycle (D) is illustrated in Figure 2.
**Key Features**
- Single inductor architecture allows VIN to be above, below, or equal to VOUT
- Wide VIN range: 4V to 36V
- Synchronous rectification for up to 98% efficiency
- Current mode control for stability and responsiveness
- ±1% Output Voltage Accuracy (0.8V to 30V)
- Lockable phase-fixed frequency: 200kHz to 400kHz
- Power Good output voltage monitoring
- Internal LDO for MOSFET power supplies
- Quad N-channel MOSFET synchronous drive
- VOUT disconnects from VIN during shutdown
- Adjustable soft start current ramp-up
- Foldback output current limit
- Optional low current mode
- Output overvoltage protection
- Available in 24-lead SSOP and 32-pin QFN packages
**Working Mode Conversion Principle**
1) **Boost Mode**: When the input voltage is lower than the output voltage, the controller automatically switches to boost mode. In this mode, switch A is always on, and switch B is off. During each cycle, switch C is turned on first, allowing the input voltage to charge the inductor through switches A and C. Once the inductor current exceeds the reference value, switch C turns off, and switch D turns on, enabling the inductor to release energy and increase the output voltage. Switches C and D alternate to maintain a stable boost output.
2) **Buck Mode**: When the input voltage is higher than the output voltage, the controller switches to buck mode. Here, switch D is always on, and switch C is off. In each cycle, switch B is turned on first, allowing the inductor to discharge and reduce the voltage. When the inductor current drops below the reference level, switch B turns off, and switch A turns on, charging the inductor again. Switches A and B alternate to achieve a stable buck output.
3) **Boost/Buck Mode**: When the input voltage is close to the output voltage, the controller automatically enters the boost/buck mode. In this mode, switches A and C, as well as switches B and D, alternate in operation. The inductor charges and discharges to adjust the output voltage, gradually reducing the difference between the input and output. Once the output stabilizes, only switches A and D remain on, resulting in a consistent and reliable output voltage.
Class D Amplifier Board
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Class D power amplifiers utilize Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to achieve an exceptional 90%+ efficiency, far surpassing traditional Class AB amplifiers in energy utilization. This translates to 50% lower energy consumption and dramatically reduced heat output, rendering large cooling systems obsolete. Operating at high switching frequencies (200kHz–1MHz), these amplifiers deliver total harmonic distortion (THD) below 0.1%, ensuring high-fidelity sound reproduction. Their compact output filters further enable ultra-lightweight, space-efficient designs, making them ideal for applications prioritizing performance, size, and energy efficiency.
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As the benchmark for efficient audio amplification, Class D technology dominates diverse sectors—from professional public address (PA) systems requiring robust, low-heat performance to sleek consumer electronics like portable speakers and automotive audio setups. By balancing power, precision, and economy, Class D amplifiers continue to redefine standards in modern audio engineering.
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