The space segment plays a crucial role in satellite communication systems and primarily consists of satellites themselves, along with key ground-based infrastructure. This includes the Ground Satellite Control Center (SCC) and Tracking, Telemetry, and Command Stations (TT&C). These facilities are responsible for monitoring, controlling, and maintaining the satellite's performance and orbit. The satellite’s onboard communication subsystem is typically based on a transponder, which serves as the core component for signal relay. Modern transponders have evolved significantly, offering not only high gain but also advanced capabilities such as signal processing, frequency conversion, and dynamic switching. These features allow for more efficient and flexible communication services, supporting a wide range of applications from broadcasting to military and scientific missions. As technology continues to advance, future transponders may integrate artificial intelligence and software-defined functions, further enhancing the performance and adaptability of satellite communication systems.